Definition of terminologies and concepts applied in crop protection; sources of crop pests; pest and disease surveillance and forecasting; Pest damage assessment and evaluation of crop yield loss; symptomatology and use of computer applications for disease recognition and management; Overview of types of crop pests: Fungi, Bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects, Birds and vertebrates and weeds; environmental stresses; Invasive and migratory pests (desert locust, bagrada bugs, false codling moth (FCM) etc.) principles and practices of crop pest and disease management; non-chemical and chemical approaches to crop protection: biological and organic pest control, pesticide classification and safety and regulation; integrated management of pests and diseases; Integrated crop  Management (ICM); Common pests and diseases in Kenya; New and Emerging Technologies and strategies  for Crop Protection (e.g. PFPP, ALPP, Ideal protected environment for different crops, screening)